Behaviour of aerosols and their role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2; a scoping review.

Covid-19 has triggered an unprecedented global health crisis. The highly contagious nature and airborne transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 virus requires extraordinary measures for its containment. It is necessary to know the behaviour of aerosols carrying the virus to avoid this contagion. This paper describes the behaviour of aerosols and their role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 according to published models using a scoping review based on the PubMed, Scopus, and WOS databases. From an initial 530 references, 9 papers were selected after applying defined inclusion criteria. The results reinforce the airborne transmission route as a means of contagion of the virus and recommend the use of face masks, extending social distance to more than 2 metres, and natural ventilation of enclosed spaces as preventive measures. These results contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and help design effective strategies to prevent its spread.

[Mask use during high impact exercise in the pandemic.] / El uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad durante la pandemia.

OBJECTIVE: The use of masks is one of the measures to protect against the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of mask and how to use it during physical exercise has generated controversy. This work aims to analyse the effect of the use of masks in the practice of high intensity physical exercise. METHODS: An exploratory review was conducted by querying the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and CUIDEN databases. RESULTS: Respiratory physiology at rest and performing intense physical exercise was described, explaining how the use of masks during high-intensity physical exercise affects it in relation to gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS: In case of intense physical exercise, the use of masks is not recommended because of the enhancing effect on PCO2. It would not allow the complete expulsion of the expired CO2 and would increase its concentration, along with the typical increase of the breathing rate during the exercise.

OBJETIVO: El uso de mascarillas es una de las medidas de protección ante la pandemia de Covid-19. El tipo de mascarilla y cómo usarla durante la realización de ejercicio físico ha generado controversia. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto del uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. METODOS: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar y CUIDEN. RESULTADOS: Se describieron la fisiología respiratoria en reposo, al realizar ejercicio físico intenso y cómo afecta el uso de mascarillas durante el ejercicio físico de alta intensidad, en relación con el intercambio gaseoso. CONCLUSIONES: En caso de ejercicio físico intenso no se aconseja el uso de mascarillas por el efecto potenciador de la PCO2, ya que no permitiría la expulsión completa del CO2 expirado y aumentaría su concentración con el incremento fisiológico de la frecuencia respiratoria propia del ejercicio.

The Physics of Fluid Dynamics Applied to Vascular Ulcers and Its Impact on Nursing Care.

The high incidence of vascular ulcers and the difficulties encountered in their healing process require the understanding of their multiple etiologies to develop effective strategies focused on providing different treatment options. This work provides a description of the principles of the physics of fluid dynamics related to vascular ulcers. The morphological characteristics of the cardiovascular system promote blood flow. The contraction force of the left ventricle is enhanced by its ability to reduce its radius of curvature and by increasing the thickness of the ventricular wall (Laplace's Law). Arterial flow must overcome vascular resistance (Ohm's equation). The elastic nature of the artery and the ability to reduce its diameter as flow rate progresses facilitate blood conduction at high speed up to arteriolar level, and this can be determined by the second equation of continuity. As it is a viscous fluid, we must discuss laminar flow, calculated by the Reynolds number, which favors proper conduction while aiming at the correct net filtration pressure. Any endothelial harmful process that affects the muscle wall of the vessel increases the flow speed, causing a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, thus reducing the exchange of nutrients at the interstitial level. With regard to the return system, the flow direction is anti-gravity and requires endogenous aid to establish the Starling's equilibrium. Knowledge on the physics of vascular fluid dynamics makes it easier to understand the processes of formation of these ulcers so as to choosing the optimal healing and prevention techniques for these chronic wounds.

Úlceras arteriales y venosas. La física de la dinámica de fluidos vasculares como base de la prevención primaria enfermera / Arterial and venous ulcers. The physics of fluid dynamics as a basis for primary nursing prevention

Las úlceras vasculares son lesiones que se producen en las extremidades inferiores provocadas o agravadas por algún problema en el flujo sanguíneo distal, ya sea por el aporte, en el caso de las arteriales, o por el retorno, en el caso de las venosas. El conocimiento del proceso fisiopatológico en la aparición de las mismas ayuda a entender su etiología y proceso de evolución. Además, la comprensión de los mecanismos fisiológicos que las provocan permite escoger entre las diferentes técnicas a llevar a cabo, tanto preventivas como curativas, para establecer las medidas oportunas a poner en marcha. Se consiguen así intervenciones más efectivas dirigidas a la etiología del problema, que evitan que aparezca o se agrave, o, en caso contrario, favorecen una pronta cicatrización y, por lo tanto, una mayor calidad de vida de los pacientes. Enfermería debe conocer el proceso fisiopatológico de dichas lesiones, ya que tiene por objeto fomentar medidas de prevención, así como realizar las curas de manera efectiva, reduciendo las recidivas

Vascular ulcers are wounds in the lower limbs caused or aggravated by a problem in the distal blood flow, either by the supply in the case of arterial ulcers and return in the case of venous ulcers. The knowledge of the physiopathological process behind its etiology helps to understand the cause and evolution of vascular ulcers. In addition, the understanding of the physiological mechanisms that cause them allows to choose the most effective preventive measure or the most appropriate healing treatment. Thus, more effective interventions aimed at the etiology of the problem are achieved. These measures prevent the ulcers from appearing or getting worse, or in the case of presenting them, they promote an early healing, and therefore, a higher quality of life for the patients. The nurses must know the pathophysiological process of such wounds, since it is in charge of promoting preventive measures, as well as performing the cures effectively, reducing recurrences

El uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad durante la pandemia / Mask use during high impact exercise in the pandemic

OBJETIVO: El uso de mascarillas es una de las medidas de protección ante la pandemia de Covid-19. El tipo de mascarilla y cómo usarla durante la realización de ejercicio físico ha generado controversia. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el efecto del uso de mascarillas en la práctica de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria consultando las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar y CUIDEN. RESULTADOS: Se describieron la fisiología respiratoria en reposo, al realizar ejercicio físico intenso y cómo afecta el uso de mascarillas durante el ejercicio físico de alta intensidad, en relación con el intercambio gaseoso. CONCLUSIONES: En caso de ejercicio físico intenso no se aconseja el uso de mascarillas por el efecto potenciador de la PCO2, ya que no permitiría la expulsión completa del CO2 expirado y aumentaría su concentración con el incremento fisiológico de la frecuencia respiratoria propia del ejercicio

OBJECTIVE: The use of masks is one of the measures to protect against the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of mask and how to use it during physical exercise has generated controversy. This work aims to analyse the effect of the use of masks in the practice of high intensity physical exercise. METHODS: An exploratory review was conducted by querying the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and CUIDEN databases. RESULTS: Respiratory physiology at rest and performing intense physical exercise was described, explaining how the use of masks during high-intensity physical exercise affects it in relation to gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS: In case of intense physical exercise, the use of masks is not recommended because of the enhancing effect on PCO2. It would not allow the complete expulsion of the expired CO2 and would increase its concentration, along with the typical increase of the breathing rate during the exercise